Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is best known for inventing calculus in the mid-to-late 1660s (most of the decade before Leibniz became independent, and eventually had a great influence) and for inventing the idea of a global gravity of his Principia, a work. one of the most important in the evolution of the original natural philosophy of modern physiology. However he also made great discoveries in optics from the mid-1660s and reached the forties; and during his 60 years of intellectual pursuit he devoted no more to chemical and alchemical research and theology and Bible studies than to mathematics and theology. He became prominent in Britain almost immediately after the publication of his Principia in 1687, due to the fact that "Newtonianism" of some kind was concentrated there during the first decade of the 18th century. His influence on the continent, however, was hampered by strong opposition to his gravitational view expressed by such influential figures as Christiaan Huygens and Leibniz, both of whom saw the doctrine as a magnetic field for working far and wide without Newton's propaganda. As the promise of gravity became more and more powerful, from the late 1730s but especially between the 1740s and 1750s, Newton became equally prominent on the continent, and “Newtonianism,” or perhaps more securely, flourished there as well. Which physics books are now referred to as “Newtonian mechanics” and “Newtonian science” contain most of the results found on the continent between 1740 and 1800.
1. Newton's life
1.1 Newton's Early Years
1.2 Years of Newton in Cambridge Before Principia
1.3 Newton's Final Years in Cambridge
1.4 Newton's Years in London and His Last Years
2. The Work and Influence of Newton
1. Newton's life
Newton's life naturally divides into four stages: years before he entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1661; his years in Cambridge before Principia was published in 1687; nearly a decade after this publication, marked by the fame it brought to him and his growing popularity with Cambridge; and the last thirty years in London, most of which was the Master of the Mint. While he remained mentally active during his years in London, his most famous development was almost entirely from his years in Cambridge. However, keep his prominent papers in the early 1670's and the first edition of Principia, all of his works published before his death fell through his years in London. [1]
1.1 Newton's Early Years
Newton was born into a Puritan family in Woolsthorpe, a small town in Linconshire near Grantham, on December 25, 1642 (old calendar), just days before the death of Galileo. Isaac's father, a farmer, died two months before Isaac was born. When his mother Hannah married 63-year-old Barnabas Smith three years later and moved to the residence of her new husband, Isaac was left with his grandparents. (Isaac learned to read and write from his grandmother and mother, both of whom, unlike his father, were illiterate.) Hannah returned to Woolsthorpe with three new children in 1653, after Smith's death. Two years later Isaac went to a boarding school in Grantham and returned to the farm full-time, not very successfully, in 1659. Hannah's brother, who had received an MA from Cambridge, and the principal of Grantham's school then pleaded with his mother that Isaac should prepare for university. After continuing his studies at Grantham, he entered Trinity College in 1661, older than most of his classmates.
These years of Newton's youth were the most difficult in the history of England. The British Civil War had begun in 1642, King Charles was beheaded in 1649, Oliver Cromwell ruled as emperor from 1653 until his death in 1658, and his son Richard from 1658 to 1659 led to the restoration of the monarchy. of Charles II. in 1660. How the political turmoil of the years affected Newton and his family is unclear, but the effect on Cambridge and other universities was significant, as long as it did not take them away from the Anglican Catholic Church. The restoration of this regime and the restoration was a key factor in the efforts of people like Robert Boyle to turn to Charles II in support of that in 1660 emerged as the Royal Society of London. The world of English intellect at the time Newton matriculated in Cambridge was thus very different from what it was when he was born.
1.2 Years of Newton in Cambridge Before Principia
Newton's early education at Cambridge was commonplace, focusing (especially on secondary sources) in Aristotlean, logic, ethics, and physics. By 1664, Newton had begun to reach beyond the standard curriculum, for example, by studying the Latin 1656 edition of Descartes's Opera philosophica, which included Meditations, Discourse on Method, the Dioptrics, and the Princess of Philosophy. As early as 1664 he had begun to study mathematics, writing notes on the writings of Oughtred, Vite, Wallis, and Descartes - in Latin by Van Schooten's Latin translation, commenting, on Géométrie. Newton spent every three months except three from the summer of 1665 until the spring of 1667 at his home in Woolsthorpe when the university closed due to the disease. This time it was called his annus mirabilis. During it, he made his first experimental discovery in optics and developed (independent of Huygens' medical treatment of 1659) a mathematical concept of circular motion, in a process that marked the relationship between.
Writer : Taseer Abbas
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